For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought the Civil War, James McPherson, 1997, Oxford University Press, pp. 119: "Congress passed several 'confiscation acts,' which permitted Union soldiers to confiscate the slaves (and other property) in conquered rebel territory. The slaves were then enslaved by the Union army. As one Illinois lieutenant reported, 'I have 11 Negroes in my company now. They do every particle of the dirty work. Two women among them do the washing for the company."

Yankee Leviathan, Richard Bensel, 1990, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp 62: "The Revised Code of Indiana, for example, stated in 1862 that 'Negroes and mulattos are not allowed to come into the state;' 'all contracts with such Negroes and mulattos are declared to be void'; 'any person encouraging them to come, or giving them employment, is to be fined from $10 to $500'; 'Negroes and mulattos are not to be allowed to vote'; 'No Negro, or mulatto having even one-eighth part of Negro blood, shall marry a white person' [with punishment of up to ten years in prison]; and 'Negroes and mulattos are not allowed to testify against a white person.'"

The Frontier Against Slavery, Eugene H. Berwanger, 1967, Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press: "'...state legislatures, overwhelmed by the fear of being inundated by manumitted slaves or free Negroes from the South, we enacting laws to deprive the Negro immigrants of any semblance of citizenship. to exclude them from the states, and to encourage them to colonize in Africa...Prejudice against the Negro found special acceptance' in these Northern states."

The Philadelphia Daily News, November 22, 1860: "...it is neither for the good of the colored race nor of our own that they should continue to dwell among us to any considerable extent. The two races can never exist in conjunction except as superior and inferior...The African is naturally the inferior race."

The Niles (Michigan) Republican, March 30, 1861: "...this government was made for the benefit of the white race...and not for Negroes."

The Philadephia Inquirer, March 11, 1861: "The proposition that the Negro is equal by nature, physically and mentally, to the white man, seems to be so absurd and preposterous, that we cannot conceive how it can be entertained by any intelligent and rational white man.

Boston Daily Courier, September 24, 1860: "...we believe the mulatto to be inferior in capacity, character, and organization to the full-blooded black, and still farther below the standard of the white races."

What They Fought For, 1861-1865, James McPherson, 1994, Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press: McPherson conluded that nearly all Confederate soldiers -- only a small fraction of whom were slave owners -- believed they "fought for liberty and independence from what they regarded as a tyrannical government." Most Unionists "fought to preserve the nation created by the founders." As one Illinois officer explained, We are fighting for the Union...a high and noble sentiment, but after all sentiment. They are fighting for independence, and are animated by passion and hatred against invaders."

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